这篇教程对Keras自带Loss Function的深入研究写得很实用，希望能帮到您。
本文研究Keras自带的几个常用的Loss Function。 1. categorical_crossentropy VS. sparse_categorical_crossentropy
注意到二者的主要差别在于输入是否为integer tensor。在文档中，我们还可以找到关于二者如何选择的描述： 
解释一下这里的Integer target 与 Categorical target，实际上Integer target经过独热编码就变成了Categorical target，举例说明： (类别数5)Integer target: [1,2,4]Categorical target： [[0. 1. 0. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 1. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 0. 0. 1.]] 在Keras中提供了to_categorical方法来实现二者的转化： from keras.utils import to_categoricalcategorical_labels = to_categorical(int_labels, num_classes=None) 注意categorical_crossentropy和sparse_categorical_crossentropy的输入参数output，都是softmax输出的tensor。我们都知道softmax的输出服从多项分布， 因此categorical_crossentropy和sparse_categorical_crossentropy应当应用于多分类问题。 我们再看看这两个的源码，来验证一下： https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/r1.13/tensorflow/python/keras/backend.py--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------def categorical_crossentropy(target, output, from_logits=False, axis=-1): """Categorical crossentropy between an output tensor and a target tensor. Arguments: target: A tensor of the same shape as `output`. output: A tensor resulting from a softmax (unless `from_logits` is True, in which case `output` is expected to be the logits). from_logits: Boolean, whether `output` is the result of a softmax, or is a tensor of logits. axis: Int specifying the channels axis. `axis=-1` corresponds to data format `channels_last', and `axis=1` corresponds to data format `channels_first`. Returns: Output tensor. Raises: ValueError: if `axis` is neither -1 nor one of the axes of `output`. """ rank = len(output.shape) axis = axis % rank # Note: nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits_v2 # expects logits, Keras expects probabilities. if not from_logits: # scale preds so that the class probas of each sample sum to 1 output = output / math_ops.reduce_sum(output, axis, True) # manual computation of crossentropy epsilon_ = _to_tensor(epsilon(), output.dtype.base_dtype) output = clip_ops.clip_by_value(output, epsilon_, 1. - epsilon_) return -math_ops.reduce_sum(target * math_ops.log(output), axis) else: return nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits_v2(labels=target, logits=output)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------def sparse_categorical_crossentropy(target, output, from_logits=False, axis=-1): """Categorical crossentropy with integer targets. Arguments: target: An integer tensor. output: A tensor resulting from a softmax (unless `from_logits` is True, in which case `output` is expected to be the logits). from_logits: Boolean, whether `output` is the result of a softmax, or is a tensor of logits. axis: Int specifying the channels axis. `axis=-1` corresponds to data format `channels_last', and `axis=1` corresponds to data format `channels_first`. Returns: Output tensor. Raises: ValueError: if `axis` is neither -1 nor one of the axes of `output`. """ rank = len(output.shape) axis = axis % rank if axis != rank - 1: permutation = list(range(axis)) + list(range(axis + 1, rank)) + [axis] output = array_ops.transpose(output, perm=permutation) # Note: nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits # expects logits, Keras expects probabilities. if not from_logits: epsilon_ = _to_tensor(epsilon(), output.dtype.base_dtype) output = clip_ops.clip_by_value(output, epsilon_, 1 - epsilon_) output = math_ops.log(output) output_shape = output.shape targets = cast(flatten(target), 'int64') logits = array_ops.reshape(output, [-1, int(output_shape[-1])]) res = nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits( labels=targets, logits=logits) if len(output_shape) >= 3: # If our output includes timesteps or spatial dimensions we need to reshape return array_ops.reshape(res, array_ops.shape(output)[:-1]) else: return res categorical_crossentropy计算交叉熵时使用的是nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits_v2( labels=targets, logits=logits)，而sparse_categorical_crossentropy使用的是nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits( labels=targets, logits=logits)，二者本质并无区别，只是对输入参数logits的要求不同，v2要求的是logits与labels格式相同（即元素也是独热的），而sparse则要求logits的元素是个数值，与上面Integer format和Categorical format的对比含义类似。 综上所述，categorical_crossentropy和sparse_categorical_crossentropy只不过是输入参数target类型上的区别，其loss的计算在本质上没有区别，就是交叉熵；二者是针对多分类（Multi-class）任务的。 2. Binary_crossentropy
二元交叉熵，从名字中我们可以看出，这个loss function可能是适用于二分类的。文档中并没有详细说明，那么直接看看源码吧： https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/r1.13/tensorflow/python/keras/backend.py--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------def binary_crossentropy(target, output, from_logits=False): """Binary crossentropy between an output tensor and a target tensor. Arguments: target: A tensor with the same shape as `output`. output: A tensor. from_logits: Whether `output` is expected to be a logits tensor. By default, we consider that `output` encodes a probability distribution. Returns: A tensor. """ # Note: nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits # expects logits, Keras expects probabilities. if not from_logits: # transform back to logits epsilon_ = _to_tensor(epsilon(), output.dtype.base_dtype) output = clip_ops.clip_by_value(output, epsilon_, 1 - epsilon_) output = math_ops.log(output / (1 - output)) return nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=target, logits=output) 可以看到源码中计算使用了nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits，熟悉tensorflow的应该比较熟悉这个损失函数了，它可以用于简单的二分类，也可以用于多标签任务，而且应用广泛，在样本合理的情况下（如不存在类别不均衡等问题）的情况下，通常可以直接使用。 补充：keras自定义loss function的简单方法 首先看一下Keras中我们常用到的目标函数（如mse,mae等）是如何定义的 from keras import backend as Kdef mean_squared_error(y_true, y_pred): return K.mean(K.square(y_pred - y_true), axis=-1)def mean_absolute_error(y_true, y_pred): return K.mean(K.abs(y_pred - y_true), axis=-1)def mean_absolute_percentage_error(y_true, y_pred): diff = K.abs((y_true - y_pred) / K.clip(K.abs(y_true), K.epsilon(), np.inf)) return 100. * K.mean(diff, axis=-1)def categorical_crossentropy(y_true, y_pred): '''Expects a binary class matrix instead of a vector of scalar classes. ''' return K.categorical_crossentropy(y_pred, y_true)def sparse_categorical_crossentropy(y_true, y_pred): '''expects an array of integer classes. Note: labels shape must have the same number of dimensions as output shape. If you get a shape error, add a length-1 dimension to labels. ''' return K.sparse_categorical_crossentropy(y_pred, y_true)def binary_crossentropy(y_true, y_pred): return K.mean(K.binary_crossentropy(y_pred, y_true), axis=-1)def kullback_leibler_divergence(y_true, y_pred): y_true = K.clip(y_true, K.epsilon(), 1) y_pred = K.clip(y_pred, K.epsilon(), 1) return K.sum(y_true * K.log(y_true / y_pred), axis=-1)def poisson(y_true, y_pred): return K.mean(y_pred - y_true * K.log(y_pred + K.epsilon()), axis=-1)def cosine_proximity(y_true, y_pred): y_true = K.l2_normalize(y_true, axis=-1) y_pred = K.l2_normalize(y_pred, axis=-1) return -K.mean(y_true * y_pred, axis=-1) 所以仿照以上的方法，可以自己定义特定任务的目标函数。比如：定义预测值与真实值的差 from keras import backend as Kdef new_loss(y_true,y_pred): return K.mean((y_pred-y_true),axis = -1) 然后，应用你自己定义的目标函数进行编译 from keras import backend as Kdef my_loss(y_true,y_pred): return K.mean((y_pred-y_true),axis = -1)model.compile(optimizer=optimizers.RMSprop(lr)，loss=my_loss,metrics=['accuracy']) 以上为个人经验，希望能给大家一个参考，也希望大家多多支持51zixue.net。
selenium在scrapy中的使用代码
浅谈python数据类型及其操作 |
